1.
ERGOGENIC AIDS
Ergogenic aids are substances,
foods, or training methods that enhance energy production, use or recovery and
provide athletes with a competitive advantage. There are a large number of
products available which claim to help sports performance in some way. These
are known as ergogenic aids.
2. CLASSES OF EGOGENIC AIDS
a)
Mechanical
Aids
b)
Pharmacological
Aids
c)
Physiological
Aids
d)
Nutritional
Aids
e)
Psychological
Aids
3.
DRUGS ATHLETES ABUSE
a) Human growth hormone (HGH): HGH is a widely
abused ergogenic aid by body builders. Some body builders take large doses to
decrease fat and increase muscle mass. Many adverse effects have been
documented
b) Ephedrine: Some athletes use ephedrine-containing
supplements to improve their performance, have more energy or decrease their
body fat. Unfortunately, athletes who use ephedrine may find that it helps them
run farther and faster, but research findings have shown that it also puts them
at risk of potentially life-threatening side effects. This is why the National
Football League, the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the
International Olympic Committee have all taken steps to keep it off the playing
fields
c)
Creatine: Creatine has been of particular interest as an ergogenic aid because
of the role that creatine phosphate plays in energy production. During the
first few seconds of exercise creatine phosphate is broken down to produce
ATP. This is an extremely fast method of energy production yet the muscle
only has very limited creatine stores. The use of creatine supplements attempts
to maximise muscle stores and thereby enhance energy production. Results to
date are equivocal but are most supportive of a beneficial effect of creatine
in events involving bouts of high intensity exercise with only short recovery
periods in between, such as football. There have been no studies on the
long-term safety of creatine.
d)
Caffeine: There is evidence for a positive effect of caffeine on performance
during prolonged endurance events. The ergogenic effect may be related to its
stimulant properties, particularly to the effect of caffeine in mobilising
fatty acids, which can then be used as a fuel, sparing glycogen stores (see
above). A caffeine level in the urine above 12mg/l is not permitted under
international doping regulations (a level achieved by taking approximately
500mg caffeine, equivalent to 6-8 cups of coffee, in a single sitting).
However, ergogenic effects are produced at lower levels than this.
e) Anabolic steroids: These are synthetic hormones used
to increase muscle mass and strength. They also produce a “steroid rush”, a
state of euphoria and decreased fatigue that allows the athlete to train harder
and longer. Many adverse effects have been documented from using these steroids
f) Blood doping: This is another dangerous ergogenic
aid. It involves taking blood or blood products such as erythropoietin (EPO), a
hormone that stimulates the bones to make red blood cells, to an athlete to
improve endurance and speed. It can also have harmful side effects
4.
PENALTIES OF ABUSED
DRUGS BY INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION
a. If prohibited substance is found or
prohibited methods established the sanctions:
i. First violation, minimum 2 years;
ii. Second violation: ineligibility for
life.
b. For refusal to submit to doping or
tampering with doping control:
i. First violation: minimum 2 years
ineligibility;
ii. Second violation: ineligibility for
life.
c. For 3 missed out-of-competition tests
or other whereabouts violations:
i. First violation: one year
ineligibility;
ii. Second and subsequent violations:
two years ineligibility.
d. For trafficking or administration of
prohibited substance or methods:
i. Ineligibility for life.
Elimination, reduction, or replacement
of ineligibility period can be reduced to half of the minimum period and if
life sanction to 8 years, where there are exceptional circumstances, such as no
fault or provided substantial evidence or assistance.
Specified substances include a few
medications, acknowledged to be susceptible to unintentional violation because
of their general availability in medicinal products and not intended to enhance
performance. For specified substances the following sanctions apply:
a. First violation: public warning and
disqualification from the event to maximum 1 year;
b. Second violation: 2 years
ineligibility;
c. Third violation: ineligibility for
life.
Commencement of ineligibility period
shall start on the date of the hearing decision, with the period of any
provisional suspension credited against the total period.
Status during ineligibility is such that
no athlete or support personnel may participate in competition or activity
other than education programs whilst ineligible. While ineligible, the athlete
is not entitled to any payment by virtue of appearance and/or performance. If
he or she receives any payment contrary to this rule the athlete shall not be
entitled to return to competition until it has been repaid.
Requirements for return to competition
are that after any period of 2 years ineligibility the athlete shall undergo 3
out-of-competition tests at his or her cost with at least 4 months between each
test, and immediately prior to the end of the period must undergo testing for
the full range of prohibited substances and methods.
If any of these tests reveal an adverse
finding, it constitutes a separate violation leading to sanctions as
appropriate. If the athlete has complied with these rules he or she shall
automatically be re-eligible after the period has ended.
5.
USAGE OF ERGOGENES IN
SPORTS.
1, BETA-BLOCKERS- include, but are
not limited to, the following:
Acebutolol, alprenolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, bunolol,
carteolol, carvedilol, celiprolol, esmolol, labetalol, levobunolol,
metipranolol, metoprolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol, sotalol,
timolol. Beta-blockers
are prohibited In Competition in
the following sports.
1.
Archery
2.
Automobile
3.
Darts
4.
Golf
2, E.P.O- Used to improve swimmers performance
3, CAFFEINE- Used to improve
athletic and footballers participation.
REFERENCES
1.
http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/World_Anti-Doping_Program/WADP-Prohibited-list/2012/WADA_Prohibited_List_2012_EN.pdf
2.BEASHEL,
P. & TAYLOR, J. (1996) Advanced Studies in Physical Education and Sport.
UK: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd.
3.
DAVIS, B. et al. (2000) Physical Education and the Study of Sport. UK:
Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
4.McARDLE,
W. et al. (2000) Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
5.BEASHEL,
P. & TAYLOR, J. (1997) The World of Sport Examined. UK: Thomas
Nelson & Sons Ltd.
6.GALLIGAN,
F. et al. (2000) Advanced PE for Edexcel. Oxford; Heinemann Educational
Publishers
7.BIZLEY,
K. (1994) Examining Physical Education. Oxford; Heinemann Educational
Publishers
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